TERMINOLOGY

implies “belief and support for ideas that are far from what most people consider accurate or reasonable.” Thus, “extremism” refers to attitudes or behaviors considered outside the norm.

Everyday extremism is defined as “the gradual inclusion of extreme narratives, sentiments, and attitudes into the discourse of political actors and the general public, eventually becoming normalized and accepted

Is defined as an ideology that includes “authoritarianism, anti-democracy and exclusionary and/or holistic nationalism.” Accompanying characteristics of the concept are xenophobia, racism and populism..

refers to the beliefs and actions of people who support or use violence to achieve ideological, religious, or political goals. This includes terrorism and other forms of politically motivated violence or even violence from various sects. Specifically, “violent extremism” also identifies an enemy or enemies, who are the object of hatred and violence. Theconceptual core of violent extremism is that it is an ideologically motivated tool for the use of violence, usually based on conspiracy theories.

Like with the term “extremism,” the term “radicalism” is much discussed when used in the context of violent extremism. The concern is that using the term might justifylimitations on free speech. In fact, the term “radical” in certain contexts simply means “wanting to cause political change.” In the context of efforts to prevent violent extremism, “radicalism” is usually used to describe the processes by which a person holds views or employs practices that are so extreme that they justify the use of violence.

Ethno-nationalism is rooted in the belief that an individual’s deepest loyalties are inherited through ethnicity, not chosen. It is the national community, defined by common ancestry and cultural heritage, that shapes the individual’s identity, rather than individuals shaping the nation.

Ethno-nationalism as a form where the national identity and nationalism are defined in terms of ethnicity. Political issues are often framed by and for the affirmation of that particular ethnic group within a given nation-state. This extremism ismainly practiced by inciting racial, ethnic and religious divisions and hatred, and mainly manifests itself against ethnic communities who often become targets to blame for economic and social failures in a state.

The use of religious ideas and explanations to justify the violent actions of a group or organization. Religious extremists support religious interpretations that justify theuse of violence in the service of religion against those they consider religious rivals, mainly consisting of non-believers or followers of other religions.

This form of extremism is marked by its significant intolerance towards different beliefs or practices, often justifying actions that are aggressive or destructive in the name of religious righteousness.

Is relatively new. It began in Europe and then spread elsewhere, including to Latin America and Africa. It goes beyond earlier forms of resistance to gender equality and tries to attract a broader audience by putting new forms of mobilization in place, and by promoting international networks and coalitions among different groups (such asfamily and pro-life associations, radical nationalist parties and right-wing populists) as well as by making reference to a vague ‘gender ideology’.

Anti-gender ideology manifests in various forms, including opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion rights. Central to this ideologyis the concept of defending the “traditional family,” envisioned strictly as a heterosexual, heteronormative unit consisting of a married mother and father with their children.